is the name of a Buddhist temple located in the village of Borobudur, Magelang regency, Central Java. This temple was founded by followers of Mahayana Buddhism around the year 800 AD during the reign of the dynasty dynasty. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km southwest of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta, and an altitude of approximately 265.4 m above sea level. This temple was founded by followers of Mahayana Buddhism around the year 800 AD during the reign of the dynasty dynasty. This temple was supposedly built by King Samaratungga, one of the kings of Old Mataram Kingdom. Construction of the temple was supposedly completed in 847 AD According Klurak Inscription (784 AD) the manufacture of the temple was assisted by a teacher from Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya a highly respected, and a prince from Kashmir named Visvawarman as an advisor who is an expert in Tantric Vajrayana Buddhism. Construction of this temple began during the Maha Raja Sri Sanggramadananjaya Dananjaya the title, followed by his son, Samaratthungga, and by his granddaughter, Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani.
Mahayana (Sanskrit: महायान, Mahayana which literally means 'Great Vehicle') is one of two main streams of Buddhism and is the term division of philosophy and teachings of the Buddha. Mahayana, who was born in India, is used for three main terms:
As a tradition that has been located, the Mahayana is the largest collection of two traditions of Buddhism that exist today, the other is the Theravada. This division is often debated by various groups.
According to the division classification based on the philosophy of Mahayana Buddhism, Mahayana refers to the level of spiritual motivation (which is also known as Bodhisattvayana) Based on this division, the other option approach is called Hinayana, or Shravakayana. It is also known in the teachings of Theravada, but is not considered as an appropriate approach.
According to the arrangement of the Vajrayana teachings on the division line of teaching, Mahayana refers to one of three paths to enlightenment, the other two are Hinayana and Vajrayana. The division of teaching in Vajrayana Buddhism, and unknown in the teachings of Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism.
Although the origin of the existence of Mahayana refers to Gautama Buddha, the historians concluded that the Mahayana originated in India in the first century, or the first century BC. According to historians, the main movement in the Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 5th century, the start time the Mahayana texts began to appear on the record the inscriptions in India. Before the 11th century (when Mahayana was still in India), the Mahayana sutras are still in process improvement. Therefore, a variety of silk from the silk that the same may arise. These translations are not considered by historians in shaping the history of the Mahayana.
In the course of its history, Mahayana spread throughout East Asia. Countries that adhere to the teachings of Mahayana today are China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam and the adherents of Tibetan Buddhism (the Himalayas caused by ethnic Chinese invasion to Tibet). Stream of Mahayana Buddhism today is the "Pure Land", Zen, Nichiren, Singon, Tibetan and Tendai. These three last have a good flow of Mahayana and Vajrayana teachings.
Old Mataram Kingdom was ruled by the dynasty dynasty dynasty two Buddhist and Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty Shiva. In the early era of the Ancient Mataram, quite dominant dynasty dynasty in Central Java. According to historians, Sanjaya dynasty originally was under the influence of dynastic rule dynasty. Regarding the competition authority is not known for certain, but both are equally powerful in Central Java.
The kings of the ruling dynasty of the family are listed in Ligor inscriptions, inscriptions or inscriptions Klurak Nalanda, while the kings of Sanjaya families listed in the inscription and the inscription Mantyasih Canggal. Based on the temples, relics of the ancient Mataram kingdom from the 8th century and 9th patterned Buddhism (dynasty) are generally located in the southern part of Central Java, while the patterned Hindu (Sanjaya) are generally located in North Central Java.
In the reign of king Indra (782-812), his son, Samaratungga, married to Tara, daughter of Palembang. Inscriptions found not far from Kalasan provide an explanation that the temple was built in honor of Tara as a female Bodhisattva. In the year 790, dynasty attacked and beat Chenla (Cambodia), then had reigned there for several years.
Borobudur Temple was completed in the reign of Samaratungga (812-833). Borobudur is the largest Buddhist monument in the world, and has now become one of Indonesia national pride. From the results of his marriage with Tara, have a daughter named Samaratungga Pramodhawardhani and son named Balaputradewa.
The name of Borobudur itself still contains a lot of interpretation and many theories that attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, meaning "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are several other folk etymology. For example, the word comes from the word Borobudur "the Buddha" is due to a shift in the sound of the Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". Said coal comes from the word monastery (Sanskrit) which means temple or monastery and budur derived from the word meaning beduhur above. Thus, Borobudur means "monastery on a hill" that may be identified with a mountain having terraces (budhara). Another source says that Borobudur means "monastery is situated on the high ground".
Borobudur name contained in a manuscript known Nagarakretagama Prapanca MPU works in 1365 AD, where it says "monastery in Budur". Then in the Babad Tanah Jawi (1709-1710) there is news of Mas Fund, a rebel against the King Pakubuwono I, who was caught in the Redi Borobudur and sentenced to death. Then in 1758, sparked the news about a prince from Yogyakarta, namely Prince Monconagoro, who would like to see a statue of a warrior are locked in a cage.
Borobudur is the second largest temple after Ankor Wat temple in Cambodia. Borobudur Temple building area 15,129 m2, composed of 55,000 m3 of rock, from two million pieces of rocks. Average stone size 25 cm x 10 cm x 15 cm. Overall length of cut stone 500 km with a total weight of 1.3 million tons of stone.
The walls of Borobudur Temple surrounded by pictures or reliefs which are a series of stories that terususun in the 1460 panel. The length of each panel 2 meters. If the series of reliefs that stretched the length of the approximately 3 km of relief entirely. The number of levels there are ten, 1-6 levels of a square, while the 70-10 round.
Arca found throughout the temple buildings totaling 504 units. High temple of the soil surface until the end of the main stupa was 42 meters, 34.5 meters but now lives after being struck by lightning.
Borobudur temple consists of 10 levels, six levels of a square, three-level circular, and a main stupa as a peak. Also scattered at all levels-the levels several stupas.
Each level represents the stages of human life. Corresponding schools of Mahayana Buddhism, every person who wants to reach the level as the Buddha had to go through each level of the life. Borobudur has 504 Buddhist stupa in the complex.
The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. At the closed part of this additional structure there are 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. Some small additional structure was set aside so people can still see the relief in this section.
Four floors with walls berelief on it by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu is a world that has been able to break free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between the bottom and the nature of nature. In part this Rupadhatu statues of Buddha found in the recesses of the wall above ballustrade or breezeway.
Starting the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed inside the stupa is covered with holes as in the cage. From outside the statues that still seems vague.
The highest level that describes the lack of being represented in the form of the largest and highest stupa. Stupa depicted plain without holes. Within the biggest stupa of the Buddha statue was ever found an imperfect or also called "unfinished Buddha", a sculpture Adibuddha disalahsangkakan as-yet through further research there has never been a statue at the main stupa. The statue that did not finish it was a mistake pemahatnya in ancient times. According to belief, the statue that was wrong in the manufacturing process should not be tampered with. Archaeological excavations carried out in the courtyard of the temple was found a lot of statues like this.
Borobudur has no spaces worship like other temples. That there are long hallways which is a narrow road. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In the halls of the Buddhist is expected to perform the ceremony walk around the temple to the right. Shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of form punden staircase, which is a form of architecture from prehistoric native Indonesia.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form a mandala structure. Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.
This Buddhist temple has 1460 relief, at every level carved reliefs on temple walls. Reliefs are read according to clockwise or referred to in the Old Javanese mapradaksina derived from Sanskrit meaning daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jātaka story.
Reading of relief stories are always the starting and ending on the east side of the gate at every level; start on the left and ends at the right of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.
In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs mean briefly as follows:
One of the temple wall carvings at Borobudur Karmawibhangga (southeast corner of the floor 0). In accordance with the symbolic meaning to the foot of the temple, reliefs which adorn the walls of a hidden shelf that illustrate the law of karma. Rows of relief is not a story of the series (serial), but in every frame illustrates a story that memunyai causal correlation. Relief will not only give an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that would obtain, but also human and reward good deeds. Overall this is a carved depiction of human life within the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) which is never ending, and by Buddhism chain is exactly what will be ended to to perfection.
This relief is a depiction of a history of the Buddha in a row of reliefs (but not a complete history) that starts from the Buddha's descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. The 27 frames are busy describing, both in heaven want any in the world, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of the Bodhisattva as the Buddha. The reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of the King and Queen Maya of Suddhodana Kapilavastu Affairs. Relief amounted to 120 frames, which ended with the first sermon, which is symbolically expressed as "Turning of the Wheel of Dharma", the Buddha's teaching is called dharma also means "law", while the dharma is represented as a wheel.
Jataka stories of Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha before. Protrusion of contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas of any other creature. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is a preparatory stage in the effort towards the level of Buddhahood.
There was Awadana, basically, almost the same as the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book Diwyawadana meaning "noble deeds godlike," and the book Awadanasataka or "a hundred stories Awadana". In the reliefs of Borobudur, Jataka and Awadana treated equally, meaning that they occur in the same row without distinction. The set of the best known of the life of the Bodhisattva is Jatakamala or strands of Jataka stories, Aryasura poet who lived during the 4th century AD
These reliefs adorn the walls of the hall to-2, is the story of a wandering Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for the Supreme Knowledge of the Truth by Sudhana. Description of the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the lid on the story of another Bhadracari.
Before restoration, the Borobudur Temple in ruins just like the artifacts of the newly discovered temple. Subsequent restoration by Cornelius at the Raffles want any resident Hatmann. The next period of restoration was carried out in 1907-1911 by Theodorus van Erp who rebuilt the temple from the ruins of the order form for the time eaten up the form now.
Van Erp is actually an expert on building techniques Genie military with the rank of lieutenant, but then attracted to research and learn the ins and outs of Borobudur temple, began his philosophy to the teachings they contain. For that he tried to do a comparative study for several years in India. He also went to Sri Lanka to see the composition of the Sanchi stupa peak in Kandy, until finally finding the form of Borobudur Temple. There is also the foundation of philosophy and religion was found by the Stutterheim and NJ. Chrome, which is on the teachings of the Buddha Dharma in the Mahayana-Yogacara and no trend is also mixed with a flow-Tantric Vajrayana.
Robert von Heine Geldern (anthropologists, ethnologists Austria,) based on the results of the investigation which he lalukan states that the ancestors of the Indonesian people are familiar with grammar and culture on the Megalithic Neolithic from South Vietnam and Cambodia. In ancient Megalithic that the ancestors of Indonesia to make the tomb of his ancestors as well as a place of worship tiered pyramid building, getting to the top gets smaller. One was found in Lebak Sibedug Leuwiliang Bogor West Java. Similar buildings are also found in Sukuh near Solo, Borobudur Temple also. If we look from a distance, Borobudur will look like a staircase or a similar arrangement of building the pyramids and a stupa. Unlike the giant pyramids in Egypt and the Pyramids of Teotihuacan in Mexico, Borobudur is another version of pyramid building. Borobudur pyramid form kepunden staircase will not be found in the region and any country, including in India. This is one of the advantages of Borobudur temple which is a typical Buddhist architecture in Indonesia.
Borobudur first monograph published in Dutch and translated into French a year later. This monograph contains hundreds of sketches and drawings of the temple and its contents, created on the initiative of the Dutch government to involve at least three experts: Leeman, Wilsen, and Brumund. Since this monograph was published, the public access area (particularly Europe) to information Borobudur becomes wide open. Borobudur began taking place in the "map of world history" and attracted the attention of experts to investigate further.
The first restoration was done under the leadership of Theodore van Erp by the Dutch government funds. In addition to restoration, photo documentation of circumstances he made a temple before, during, and after restoration, as well as perform data collection and inventory of the number of stupas and reliefs. However, the most notable is the success of van Erp reconstruct the temple as a whole to be a shape that we see today. However, to date there are few things that remains a mystery of Borobudur temple, for example in terms of rock composition, how to transport the stone from the area of origin to destination, as well as the technology used and the longer the process of making reliefs on temple walls, all is still a mystery which makes us wonder.
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